Vitamin K might not be the talk of the town like its cousins A, C, or E, but it plays a superstar role in keeping our bodies healthy. From helping blood clot to strengthening bones, this nutrient's importance is clear yet often overlooked.

Many people may not realize that their daily habits or dietary choices could put them at risk for vitamin K deficiency, which can lead to serious health issues.

Did you know that newborns receive a vitamin K shot shortly after birth? This simple act highlights the crucial need for proper levels of this fat-soluble vitamin right from the start of life.

In this article, we'll explore how getting enough vitamin K can impact your well-being and what you can do to ensure your body has what it needs. Read on as we unfold nature’s lesser-known hero - Vitamin K!

Key Takeaways

• Vitamin K is crucial for blood clotting, bone health, and cardiovascular function.
• Deficiency in vitamin K can lead to excessive bleeding, poor bone density, and an increased risk of heart disease.
• Good dietary sources of vitamin K include green leafy vegetables like kale and spinach, cruciferous vegetables like broccoli natto (fermented soybeans), and animal-derived sources such as egg yolks and liver.
• Supplementing with vitamin K may be necessary for individuals with inadequate dietary intake or certain medical conditions that affect absorption or metabolism.

Understanding Vitamin K Deficiency

Vitamin K deficiency can occur due to various factors, including inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption issues, or certain medical conditions. Symptoms may include excessive bleeding, easy bruising, and increased risk of bone fractures.

Diagnosis often involves blood tests to measure vitamin K levels and its dependent proteins. Treatment typically includes addressing the underlying cause and may involve vitamin K supplementation.

Causes and Symptoms

Understanding why our bodies need vitamin K is important. We need more of it to avoid health problems.

• Your body can't make enough vitamin K if you have diseases like celiac or cystic fibrosis.
• Taking certain medicines might stop vitamin K from working well in your body.
• Not eating foods with a lot of vitamin K can lead to insufficient food in your system.
• Newborn babies might not have enough because their bodies don't make it yet, and they don't get it all from breast milk.
• Easy bruising shows you could be low on vitamin K.
• Bleeding for too long after a cut could be a problem.
• Seeing blood in your pee or poop is a sign that something's wrong.
• If your nose bleeds a lot without reason, it's time to check on your health.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Vitamin K deficiency can lead to serious health issues. It's important to know how doctors find and fix this problem.

• Doctors use blood tests to check if you have a vitamin K deficiency. These tests look at how fast your blood clots.
• If the tests show slow clotting, you might not have enough vitamin K.
• Some signs that you might need these tests are if you bleed a lot or if your bones break easily.
• To treat a lack of vitamin K, doctors often suggest eating foods rich in this vitamin.
• Foods like green leafy vegetables, fish, meat, and eggs are good for raising vitamin K levels.
• For some people, the doctor might give shots or pills with vitamin K.
• Babies often get a vitamin K shot when they are born to prevent bleeding problems.
• Newborns may not get enough vitamin K from breast milk alone. The shot helps protect them right away.
• If someone has a severe case of low vitamin K, they might need treatment in a hospital.
• Hospital care could include getting more shots and close checks on their bleeding and bone health.

The Importance of Vitamin K in the Body

Vitamin K is crucial in blood clotting, bone health, and cardiovascular function. Activating proteins that aid in clot formation and repair damaged tissues is essential.

Additionally, vitamin K helps regulate calcium levels in the bones and arteries, contributing to overall bone density and heart health.

Blood Clotting

Your body must make blood clots to stop cuts from bleeding too much. It uses vitamin K. This vitamin is super important because, without enough of it, you might bleed a lot, even from a small injury.

Eating the right foods helps your body get enough vitamin K. Foods like green leafy vegetables are full of this nutrient and can help your blood clot the way it should. If someone doesn't have enough vitamin K, they can take shots or pills to fix that problem.

Watching how much of this vitamin you're getting is a big deal for your health!

Bone Health

Vitamin K is essential not only for blood clotting but also for bone health. Low levels of this vitamin are associated with poor bone density and an increased risk of fractures. Studies suggest adequate vitamin K intake may contribute to higher bone mineral density, reducing the likelihood of fractures.

Vitamin K helps manage calcium metabolism, regulating the balance between calcium in the blood and its storage in bones – a crucial aspect of maintaining healthy bones.

The connection between vitamin K and bone health is vital, especially for those interested in maintaining strong and healthy bones. Ensuring an adequate intake of this essential nutrient can reduce the risk of osteoporosis and fractures related to weak bones.

Cardiovascular Health

Vitamin K, particularly K2 from sources like leafy greens, has been linked to a lower risk of heart disease. Low vitamin K levels can lead to improper blood clotting and increase the risk of bleeding.

While its link to heart health is less established than that of other nutrients, a study suggests that maintaining adequate vitamin K levels may help protect against cardiovascular disease.

Vitamin K2 also plays an important role in cardiovascular health through its effects on calcium regulation in the body.

Natural sources of Vitamin K include leafy green vegetables and other food sources, is essential for proper blood clotting and potentially reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Preventing Vitamin K Deficiency

Preventing a vitamin K deficiency is crucial for overall health. The recommended intake of vitamin K varies based on age and gender, but adults generally need around 90-120 mcg per day.

Good sources of dietary vitamin K include leafy greens like kale, spinach, and Swiss chard, as well as cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and Brussels sprouts. Some individuals may benefit from supplementation, especially those with conditions that interfere with vitamin K absorption or those who require higher amounts due to medical reasons.

Individuals can reduce the risk of deficiency and its associated health complications by ensuring a consistent supply of vitamin K through diet or supplementation.

Recommended Intake

The recommended dietary intake of vitamin K is 90-120 μg/day. This amount helps maintain healthy blood clotting and bone health. Consistency in vitamin K intake is important, especially for individuals taking blood thinners, as it can minimize food and drug interactions.

Ensuring a daily intake of 90-120 μg/day of vitamin K supports essential bodily functions like blood clotting and bone strength. Consistent intake is crucial for those on blood thinners to prevent food and drug interactions.

Food Sources

After understanding the recommended vitamin K intake, let's explore its food sources. Here are some concise explanations and a detailed list of foods rich in this essential nutrient:

1. Green leafy vegetables, such as kale, spinach, and collard greens, are abundant sources of vitamin K1.
2. Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and Brussels sprouts also contain significant amounts of vitamin K.
3. Natto, a traditional Japanese dish made from fermented soybeans, is exceptionally high in vitamin K2.
4. Animal-derived sources like egg yolks, liver, and certain cheeses provide a good dose of vitamin K2.
5. Incorporating healthy oils like soybean and olive oil into your diet can increase your daily vitamin K intake.

Supplementation

When dietary vitamin K intake is insufficient, supplementation becomes crucial to prevent deficiency. Vitamin K supplements are essential in maintaining overall health and preventing deficiency-related conditions.

A 10-year prospective study demonstrated the significance of adequate vitamin K consumption for bone health, emphasizing its role in preventing hip fractures, particularly in women.

Supplementation offers a reliable way to ensure that the body receives an adequate amount of this essential nutrient, especially for individuals with inadequate dietary intake or with certain medical conditions that affect absorption or metabolism.

Other Uses and Future Research

Vitamin K has also shown potential in cancer treatment, with studies suggesting its role in inhibiting tumor growth. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory effects and may positively impact brain health.

To delve deeper into these exciting research findings and learn more about the multifaceted benefits of vitamin K, read on for a comprehensive exploration of this essential nutrient's many functions.

Potential for Cancer Treatment

Vitamin K2 has shown the potential to inhibit the growth of cancer cells, making it a possible cancer treatment. Dark green leafy veggies like kale contain antioxidants that help the body fight cancer.

Long-term use of vitamin K antagonists in anticoagulation therapy is linked to lower overall cancer rates. Phytochemicals in foods like apples and soybeans can inhibit tumor growth and boost immunity.

Spinach, rich in Vitamin K1, is crucial for blood clotting but may affect blood thinning if eaten excessively.

Anti-inflammatory Effects

Vitamin K's anti-inflammatory effects can be beneficial in managing chronic aging diseases. Research has shown that leafy greens like spinach and kale, rich in vitamin K, can reduce inflammation, making them essential components of a natural anti-inflammatory diet.

Including leafy green vegetables and dark yellow vegetables associated with lower inflammation is integral to an anti-inflammatory diet. Additionally, extra virgin olive oil – a key part of the Mediterranean diet – is linked to a reduced risk of heart disease and brain inflammation.

These findings underline the importance of incorporating vitamin K-rich foods into our daily diets as a natural way to combat inflammation and support overall health and well-being.

Effect on Brain Health

Moving from the realm of anti-inflammatory effects to brain health, it's fascinating to note that vitamin K found in leafy greens plays a vital role in supporting cognitive function.

Research has highlighted the association between consuming green leafy vegetables and a slower rate of cognitive decline, ultimately impacting brain health positively. Notably, these nutrient-rich vegetables have slowed brain aging by over a decade, underlining their potential importance for long-term cognitive well-being.

Moreover, studies have specifically pointed towards the potential role of vitamin K in preventing cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. The high content of brain-healthy nutrients like vitamin K in leafy greens has been linked to improved brain health and may play a crucial part in maintaining overall cognitive function.

FAQs

Q: What is the role of vitamin K in the body?

A: Vitamin K is crucial in blood clotting, bone metabolism, and cardiovascular health. It is essential for the synthesis of certain proteins that are important for these functions.

Q: What are the common sources of vitamin K?

A: Vitamin K is found in green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, kale, and broccoli, as well as in some vegetable oils and certain fruits.

Q: What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?

A: Vitamin K deficiency symptoms may include easy bruising, excessive bleeding, and bleeding gums. In severe cases, it can lead to internal bleeding and bone fragility.

Q: How is vitamin K deficiency diagnosed?

A: Vitamin K deficiency can be diagnosed through blood tests that measure the levels of vitamin K and its related proteins in the blood.

Q: What are the treatment options for vitamin K deficiency?

A: Treatment for vitamin K deficiency involves supplementation with vitamin K, either through oral or injectable forms, depending on the severity of the deficiency.

Q: What are the causes of vitamin K deficiency?

A: Vitamin K deficiency can be caused by inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption disorders, liver disease, and certain medications that interfere with vitamin K metabolism.

Q: Who is at risk of vitamin K deficiency?

A: Newborn babies are particularly at risk of vitamin K deficiency, as their intestines are not yet colonized with the bacteria that produce vitamin K. Additionally, adults with malabsorption issues or liver disease are also at risk.

Q: What is vitamin K deficiency bleeding?

A: Vitamin K deficiency bleeding is a serious condition that can occur in newborns who don't receive a sufficient amount of vitamin K, leading to potentially life-threatening bleeding episodes.

Q: What is the outlook for vitamin K deficiency?

A: With timely diagnosis and treatment, the outlook for vitamin K deficiency is generally good, and most symptoms can be reversed once vitamin K levels are restored.

Q: How can vitamin K deficiency be prevented?

A: Vitamin K deficiency can be prevented by consuming a well-balanced diet that includes adequate amounts of vitamin K-rich foods and ensuring that newborns receive a vitamin K injection shortly after birth to prevent deficiency bleeding.

Further Research

1. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding in early infancy: A global perspective on prophylaxis, Authors: R. Sankar, M. Agarwal, A. Chandrasekaran, et al., Journal of Perinatology, 2022, 42(8), 887-900. This review provides an overview of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in newborns worldwide and examines the evidence for optimal prophylaxis.

2. Prevalence of vitamin K deficiency in children with chronic kidney disease, Authors: A. Al-Saran, A. Mirza, S. Al-Ghamdi, et al., Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 2021, 32(5), 1131. This study analyzed vitamin K levels in children with chronic kidney disease and found a high prevalence of deficiency.

3. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding in infants despite prophylaxis at birth: Clinical characteristics and risk factors, Authors: E. Buskens, A. Groen, I. Fijnvandraat, et al., Blood, 2019, 134(22), 1941-1949. This study examined cases of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in infants despite receiving prophylaxis and identified risk factors.

4. Subclinical vitamin K deficiency in patients receiving chronic oral anticoagulation therapy, Authors: L. Riphagen, J. Keyzer, J. Drummen, et al., Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2019. This study found a high prevalence of subclinical vitamin K deficiency in patients on long-term oral anticoagulation therapy. 5. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding in early infancy: A case report and review of current evidence, Authors: A. El-Hakim, A. Al-Rashdan, Reem Abdelrazig, et al.,
Clinical Case Reports, 2018, 6(6), 1061-1068. This case report and review examines vitamin K deficiency bleeding in a breastfed infant and evidence for prevention.

From Leafy Greens To Blood Clotting: Delving Into Vitamin K’s Many Functions

Vitamin K might not be the talk of the town like its cousins A, C, or E, but it plays a superstar role in keeping our bodies healthy. From helping blood clot to strengthening bones, this nutrient’s importance is clear yet often overlooked.

Many people may not realize that their daily habits or dietary choices could put them at risk for vitamin K deficiency, which can lead to serious health issues.

Did you know that newborns receive a vitamin K shot shortly after birth? This simple act highlights the crucial need for proper levels of this fat-soluble vitamin right from the start of life.

In this article, we’ll explore how getting enough vitamin K can impact your well-being and what you can do to ensure your body has what it needs. Read on as we unfold nature’s lesser-known hero – Vitamin K!

Key Takeaways

• Vitamin K is crucial for blood clotting, bone health, and cardiovascular function.
• Deficiency in vitamin K can lead to excessive bleeding, poor bone density, and an increased risk of heart disease.
• Good dietary sources of vitamin K include green leafy vegetables like kale and spinach, cruciferous vegetables like broccoli natto (fermented soybeans), and animal-derived sources such as egg yolks and liver.
• Supplementing with vitamin K may be necessary for individuals with inadequate dietary intake or certain medical conditions that affect absorption or metabolism.

Understanding Vitamin K Deficiency

Vitamin K deficiency can occur due to various factors, including inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption issues, or certain medical conditions. Symptoms may include excessive bleeding, easy bruising, and increased risk of bone fractures.

Diagnosis often involves blood tests to measure vitamin K levels and its dependent proteins. Treatment typically includes addressing the underlying cause and may involve vitamin K supplementation.

Causes and Symptoms

Understanding why our bodies need vitamin K is important. We need more of it to avoid health problems.

• Your body can’t make enough vitamin K if you have diseases like celiac or cystic fibrosis.
• Taking certain medicines might stop vitamin K from working well in your body.
• Not eating foods with a lot of vitamin K can lead to insufficient food in your system.
• Newborn babies might not have enough because their bodies don’t make it yet, and they don’t get it all from breast milk.
• Easy bruising shows you could be low on vitamin K.
• Bleeding for too long after a cut could be a problem.
• Seeing blood in your pee or poop is a sign that something’s wrong.
• If your nose bleeds a lot without reason, it’s time to check on your health.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Vitamin K deficiency can lead to serious health issues. It’s important to know how doctors find and fix this problem.

• Doctors use blood tests to check if you have a vitamin K deficiency. These tests look at how fast your blood clots.
• If the tests show slow clotting, you might not have enough vitamin K.
• Some signs that you might need these tests are if you bleed a lot or if your bones break easily.
• To treat a lack of vitamin K, doctors often suggest eating foods rich in this vitamin.
• Foods like green leafy vegetables, fish, meat, and eggs are good for raising vitamin K levels.
• For some people, the doctor might give shots or pills with vitamin K.
• Babies often get a vitamin K shot when they are born to prevent bleeding problems.
• Newborns may not get enough vitamin K from breast milk alone. The shot helps protect them right away.
• If someone has a severe case of low vitamin K, they might need treatment in a hospital.
• Hospital care could include getting more shots and close checks on their bleeding and bone health.

The Importance of Vitamin K in the Body

Vitamin K is crucial in blood clotting, bone health, and cardiovascular function. Activating proteins that aid in clot formation and repair damaged tissues is essential.

Additionally, vitamin K helps regulate calcium levels in the bones and arteries, contributing to overall bone density and heart health.

Blood Clotting

Your body must make blood clots to stop cuts from bleeding too much. It uses vitamin K. This vitamin is super important because, without enough of it, you might bleed a lot, even from a small injury.

Eating the right foods helps your body get enough vitamin K. Foods like green leafy vegetables are full of this nutrient and can help your blood clot the way it should. If someone doesn’t have enough vitamin K, they can take shots or pills to fix that problem.

Watching how much of this vitamin you’re getting is a big deal for your health!

Bone Health

Vitamin K is essential not only for blood clotting but also for bone health. Low levels of this vitamin are associated with poor bone density and an increased risk of fractures. Studies suggest adequate vitamin K intake may contribute to higher bone mineral density, reducing the likelihood of fractures.

Vitamin K helps manage calcium metabolism, regulating the balance between calcium in the blood and its storage in bones – a crucial aspect of maintaining healthy bones.

The connection between vitamin K and bone health is vital, especially for those interested in maintaining strong and healthy bones. Ensuring an adequate intake of this essential nutrient can reduce the risk of osteoporosis and fractures related to weak bones.

Cardiovascular Health

Vitamin K, particularly K2 from sources like leafy greens, has been linked to a lower risk of heart disease. Low vitamin K levels can lead to improper blood clotting and increase the risk of bleeding.

While its link to heart health is less established than that of other nutrients, a study suggests that maintaining adequate vitamin K levels may help protect against cardiovascular disease.

Vitamin K2 also plays an important role in cardiovascular health through its effects on calcium regulation in the body.

Natural sources of Vitamin K include leafy green vegetables and other food sources, is essential for proper blood clotting and potentially reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Preventing Vitamin K Deficiency

Preventing a vitamin K deficiency is crucial for overall health. The recommended intake of vitamin K varies based on age and gender, but adults generally need around 90-120 mcg per day.

Good sources of dietary vitamin K include leafy greens like kale, spinach, and Swiss chard, as well as cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and Brussels sprouts. Some individuals may benefit from supplementation, especially those with conditions that interfere with vitamin K absorption or those who require higher amounts due to medical reasons.

Individuals can reduce the risk of deficiency and its associated health complications by ensuring a consistent supply of vitamin K through diet or supplementation.

Recommended Intake

The recommended dietary intake of vitamin K is 90-120 μg/day. This amount helps maintain healthy blood clotting and bone health. Consistency in vitamin K intake is important, especially for individuals taking blood thinners, as it can minimize food and drug interactions.

Ensuring a daily intake of 90-120 μg/day of vitamin K supports essential bodily functions like blood clotting and bone strength. Consistent intake is crucial for those on blood thinners to prevent food and drug interactions.

Food Sources

After understanding the recommended vitamin K intake, let’s explore its food sources. Here are some concise explanations and a detailed list of foods rich in this essential nutrient:

1. Green leafy vegetables, such as kale, spinach, and collard greens, are abundant sources of vitamin K1.
2. Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and Brussels sprouts also contain significant amounts of vitamin K.
3. Natto, a traditional Japanese dish made from fermented soybeans, is exceptionally high in vitamin K2.
4. Animal-derived sources like egg yolks, liver, and certain cheeses provide a good dose of vitamin K2.
5. Incorporating healthy oils like soybean and olive oil into your diet can increase your daily vitamin K intake.

Supplementation

When dietary vitamin K intake is insufficient, supplementation becomes crucial to prevent deficiency. Vitamin K supplements are essential in maintaining overall health and preventing deficiency-related conditions.

A 10-year prospective study demonstrated the significance of adequate vitamin K consumption for bone health, emphasizing its role in preventing hip fractures, particularly in women.

Supplementation offers a reliable way to ensure that the body receives an adequate amount of this essential nutrient, especially for individuals with inadequate dietary intake or with certain medical conditions that affect absorption or metabolism.

Other Uses and Future Research

Vitamin K has also shown potential in cancer treatment, with studies suggesting its role in inhibiting tumor growth. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory effects and may positively impact brain health.

To delve deeper into these exciting research findings and learn more about the multifaceted benefits of vitamin K, read on for a comprehensive exploration of this essential nutrient’s many functions.

Potential for Cancer Treatment

Vitamin K2 has shown the potential to inhibit the growth of cancer cells, making it a possible cancer treatment. Dark green leafy veggies like kale contain antioxidants that help the body fight cancer.

Long-term use of vitamin K antagonists in anticoagulation therapy is linked to lower overall cancer rates. Phytochemicals in foods like apples and soybeans can inhibit tumor growth and boost immunity.

Spinach, rich in Vitamin K1, is crucial for blood clotting but may affect blood thinning if eaten excessively.

Anti-inflammatory Effects

Vitamin K’s anti-inflammatory effects can be beneficial in managing chronic aging diseases. Research has shown that leafy greens like spinach and kale, rich in vitamin K, can reduce inflammation, making them essential components of a natural anti-inflammatory diet.

Including leafy green vegetables and dark yellow vegetables associated with lower inflammation is integral to an anti-inflammatory diet. Additionally, extra virgin olive oil – a key part of the Mediterranean diet – is linked to a reduced risk of heart disease and brain inflammation.

These findings underline the importance of incorporating vitamin K-rich foods into our daily diets as a natural way to combat inflammation and support overall health and well-being.

Effect on Brain Health

Moving from the realm of anti-inflammatory effects to brain health, it’s fascinating to note that vitamin K found in leafy greens plays a vital role in supporting cognitive function.

Research has highlighted the association between consuming green leafy vegetables and a slower rate of cognitive decline, ultimately impacting brain health positively. Notably, these nutrient-rich vegetables have slowed brain aging by over a decade, underlining their potential importance for long-term cognitive well-being.

Moreover, studies have specifically pointed towards the potential role of vitamin K in preventing cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease. The high content of brain-healthy nutrients like vitamin K in leafy greens has been linked to improved brain health and may play a crucial part in maintaining overall cognitive function.

FAQs

Q: What is the role of vitamin K in the body?

A: Vitamin K is crucial in blood clotting, bone metabolism, and cardiovascular health. It is essential for the synthesis of certain proteins that are important for these functions.

Q: What are the common sources of vitamin K?

A: Vitamin K is found in green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, kale, and broccoli, as well as in some vegetable oils and certain fruits.

Q: What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?

A: Vitamin K deficiency symptoms may include easy bruising, excessive bleeding, and bleeding gums. In severe cases, it can lead to internal bleeding and bone fragility.

Q: How is vitamin K deficiency diagnosed?

A: Vitamin K deficiency can be diagnosed through blood tests that measure the levels of vitamin K and its related proteins in the blood.

Q: What are the treatment options for vitamin K deficiency?

A: Treatment for vitamin K deficiency involves supplementation with vitamin K, either through oral or injectable forms, depending on the severity of the deficiency.

Q: What are the causes of vitamin K deficiency?

A: Vitamin K deficiency can be caused by inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption disorders, liver disease, and certain medications that interfere with vitamin K metabolism.

Q: Who is at risk of vitamin K deficiency?

A: Newborn babies are particularly at risk of vitamin K deficiency, as their intestines are not yet colonized with the bacteria that produce vitamin K. Additionally, adults with malabsorption issues or liver disease are also at risk.

Q: What is vitamin K deficiency bleeding?

A: Vitamin K deficiency bleeding is a serious condition that can occur in newborns who don’t receive a sufficient amount of vitamin K, leading to potentially life-threatening bleeding episodes.

Q: What is the outlook for vitamin K deficiency?

A: With timely diagnosis and treatment, the outlook for vitamin K deficiency is generally good, and most symptoms can be reversed once vitamin K levels are restored.

Q: How can vitamin K deficiency be prevented?

A: Vitamin K deficiency can be prevented by consuming a well-balanced diet that includes adequate amounts of vitamin K-rich foods and ensuring that newborns receive a vitamin K injection shortly after birth to prevent deficiency bleeding.

Further Research

1. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding in early infancy: A global perspective on prophylaxis, Authors: R. Sankar, M. Agarwal, A. Chandrasekaran, et al., Journal of Perinatology, 2022, 42(8), 887-900. This review provides an overview of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in newborns worldwide and examines the evidence for optimal prophylaxis.

2. Prevalence of vitamin K deficiency in children with chronic kidney disease, Authors: A. Al-Saran, A. Mirza, S. Al-Ghamdi, et al., Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 2021, 32(5), 1131. This study analyzed vitamin K levels in children with chronic kidney disease and found a high prevalence of deficiency.

3. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding in infants despite prophylaxis at birth: Clinical characteristics and risk factors, Authors: E. Buskens, A. Groen, I. Fijnvandraat, et al., Blood, 2019, 134(22), 1941-1949. This study examined cases of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in infants despite receiving prophylaxis and identified risk factors.

4. Subclinical vitamin K deficiency in patients receiving chronic oral anticoagulation therapy, Authors: L. Riphagen, J. Keyzer, J. Drummen, et al., Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2019. This study found a high prevalence of subclinical vitamin K deficiency in patients on long-term oral anticoagulation therapy. 5. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding in early infancy: A case report and review of current evidence, Authors: A. El-Hakim, A. Al-Rashdan, Reem Abdelrazig, et al.,
Clinical Case Reports, 2018, 6(6), 1061-1068. This case report and review examines vitamin K deficiency bleeding in a breastfed infant and evidence for prevention.